116 hymnbooks (or hymnals) compiled by members of American Shaker communities between 1808 and 1935. Most songs are notated using letteral notation, a notation system that denoted musical pitch using letters placed above or below a central pitch. Though often compiled by individuals, each volume contains songs written by others, sometimes in different communities and introduced during visits. Inscriptions note information on authorship, date, originating community, delivery method, and use. Authors, both individuals and families, are commonly noted by initials or abbreviated names, and communities by their spiritual names. Inscriptions may also reveal specific purposes for songs, such as funerals or welcoming visiting communities. The Era of Manifestations (1837 to the mid-1850s) is heavily represented by gift songs, believed to have been received in visions and delivered by Mother Ann (Ann Lee).